University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 A review of pasteurellosis in humans and animals 838 851 18077 10.22034/jzd.2024.18077 EN Sayyed Jafar Hasani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Ahmad Enferadi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Saeedeh Sarani Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran Katayoon Nofouzi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 21 As humans increasingly interact with both domestic and wild animals, the risk of Zoonotic diseases is rising. This is a significant concern because most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic.Pasteurellosis, an important zoonotic disease, is a significant cause of bacterial infections in animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, birds, and others. This disease, caused by Pasteurella spp., results in substantial economic losses in livestock and poultry production. Humans can contract pasteurellosis through bites or scratches from infected animals, or by coming into contact with the mucus or blood of these animals. Animal bites can lead to infections, with 3-18% of dog bites and 28-80% of cat bites resulting in infection. Studies indicate that Pasteurella multocida is present in 50% of dog bites and 75% of cat bites, part of the oral microbiota of various animals such as cats, dogs, pigs, and other wildlife. The symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans can vary and may include skin infections, as well as lung or central nervous system infections. In animals, pasteurellosis can manifest through symptoms like respiratory tract infections, fever, or skin infections, which can lead to bronchopneumonia and death if left untreated. Treatment of pasteurellosis usually involves antibiotics and other medical interventions. Various vaccines have been developed to prevent this disease. This article provides an overview of pasteurellosis in humans and different domestic animals.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18077_b60e7af401de8e8f25e3a903e5336b4c.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Epidemiological aspects of mpox (Monkeypox) 852 861 19154 10.22034/jzd.2025.64728.1337 EN Ahmed Abdel-Rady Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt Animal Health Laboratory in Dammam, WEQAA-Center, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Hanin Ashraf Abu-Seida Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Galala University, New Galala City, Egypt 0009-0002-5763-9203 Ashraf Mohamed Abu-Seida Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt Animal Research Facility, Galala University, New Galala City, Egypt 0000-0001-5466-2016 Journal Article 2024 11 26 Monkeypox, lately known as mpox, is a zoonotic viral disease leading to an illness like smallpox in humans, but with lower mortality rates. Usually, the disease lasts between two and four weeks and occasionally results in death. The mpox virus (MPXV) is critical because it is widespread in Western and Central Africa and has spread throughout the Western Hemisphere due to international travel and the exotic pet trade. Mpox is now clinically significant due to the elimination of smallpox and the ensuing decline in vaccination efforts. Concern over the emergence of the human MPXV and its occasionally severe clinical manifestations has grown recently. The importation of diseased dogs to commercialize them as pet animals caused an outbreak of the MPXV in the United States of America. This heightened awareness of the potential for this disease to spread over the globe, either as a component of biological weapons in terrorist operations or as a result of the practice of importing wild animals as exotic pets. This review briefly describes the history, etiological agent, mode of transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management of mpox, as well as vaccination and prevention of the disease.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19154_a470cac4d05d2a7ef7db5b0d017a972d.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Psittacosis: a comprehensive exploration and research framework from 1879 to 2024 862 873 19786 10.22034/jzd.2025.19786 EN Margret Chandira Rajappa Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India 0000-0002-6553-0825 Dominic Antonysamy Department of Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India Vignesh Vezhaventhan Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India Ranjith Kumar Sivaji Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India Karthikeyan Muthumani Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India Sanjay Gnana Moorthi Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India Nagasubramanian Venkatasubramaniam Department of Pharmaceutics, Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Tamil Nadu, India Journal Article 2024 12 05 Psittacosis, or parrot fever, is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium, primarily affecting avian species and posing a significant threat to human health. This review comprehensively examines psittacosis, tracing its history from the late 19th century to the modern challenges encountered in the 21st century. It examines the bacterium's etiology, transmission pathways, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, and preventive strategies critical for managing this infection. Moreover, this article proposes a comprehensive research framework to enhance our understanding of psittacosis and its implications for public health, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in tackling this disease. By integrating historical context with modern scientific insights, this review aims to inform future research efforts and improve preventive measures for both avian and human populations.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19786_6cd064d0259fd331ef2e6502a6675475.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Incidence and forecasting of animal bites and trends in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consumption in East Azerbaijan province 874 886 19550 10.22034/jzd.2025.64699.1336 EN Bairam Mirzaei Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Leila Doshmangir Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Roghayeh Khabiri Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Hossein Teimouri Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Alireza Razzaghi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Vladimir Sergeevich Gordeev Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Journal Article 2024 11 29 Rabies is one of the most common human and animal diseases threatening public health, and annually, many people in different parts of the world are treated for rabies. In Iran, challenges arise in obtaining rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), as these treatments are often imported, and there are problems with the procurement of vaccines and immunoglobulin. Thus, it is necessary to study the incidence of animal bites to inform PEP supply planning. This study analyzed data from 68,682 cases of animal bites registered at rabies prophylaxis centers in Tabriz, Iran. The cumulative incidence of animal bites and the rates of PEP consumption over the study years were calculated. The number of animal bites was forecasted using the Box-Jenkins time series model. From 2015 to 2022, the average annual incidence of animal bites in the covered population was 232 per 100,000 people. During this same period, the average yearly usage of rabies vaccines was 24,853 doses, totaling 1,136,238 units of antirabies immunoglobulin. The mean age of those bitten by an animal was 31.8 years (standard deviation = 17.24), with 85% being male. The majority of bites were from dogs (80%), and 58% of the victims resided in rural areas. The average forecasted annual incidence rates for 2023 and 2024 are projected to be 289 and 311 per 100,000 people, respectively. The increasing trend in animal bites necessitates the urgent need for public health interventions, including expanding vaccine supply and implementing targeted education programs to mitigate the risk and financial burden of rabies in East Azerbaijan Province. In addition, managing stray animals, especially dogs, and strengthening the healthcare system and immunization program are essential to reducing the incidence of rabies.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19550_c13a041a3e44748ea2aede625f334cf9.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Serological and molecular detection of Brucella spp. infection in the equine population of Kerman, Iran 887 894 19121 10.22034/jzd.2025.64392.1329 EN Yousof Karami Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Elham Mohammadi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mehdi Golchin Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 11 Brucellosis is a widespread disease that affects both humans and animals worldwide. It causes significant economic losses and is a public health concern. In horses, this disease often goes unnoticed but can lead to various health issues, such as fistula withers, pollevil, arthritis, synovitis, bursitis, and abortion. The aim of this study was to determine Brucella spp. using molecular and serological methods in apparently healthy horse populations in Kerman. A total of 100 blood samples were randomly collected from asymptomatic horse farms in Kerman province of Iran. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) was performed to detect the presence of Brucella-specific antibodies. Additionally, conventional and real-time PCR techniques specifically targeting the IS711 gene were used to detect the presence of Brucella spp. The detection of Brucella spp. in all three tests RBPT, conventional PCR, and real-time PCR was 3%. Also, the statistical analysis on the obtained data revealed no significant correlation between the incidence of equine brucellosis and various risk factors including age, sex, breed, exposure to other susceptible animals, and herd size. These findings confirm that horses can act as natural hosts for Brucella. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize horses as reservoirs of infection and implement screening, control, and prevention programs to eradicate this disease effectively.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19121_588c4079728ed383c9f18230cb989c4d.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Molecular identification of Pasteurella spp. in poultry serum and liver samples by PCR in the central region of Iraq (Babylon) 895 904 19503 10.22034/jzd.2025.64322.1335 EN Asaad Mohammed Merzah Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Abdolghaffar Ownagh Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Amir Tukmechi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease that affects a variety of animal species. It is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pasteurella, which can result in economic losses for the poultry and livestock industries. The most prevalent modes of transmission of the bacterium to humans are through bites or scratches inflicted by infected animals and contact with the mucosal membranes or blood of said animals. Humans can contract pasteurellosis by being bitten or scratched by infected animals, or through contact with their mucus or blood. A cross-sectional study was conducted in mid-2023. Two hundred sixty serum samples and 175 liver tissue samples were collected from ten broiler farms (age range: 30–42 days) in the central regions of Iraq for during the year 2023. The samples underwent DNA extraction using a DNA extraction kit from Pooya Gen Azma, Iran. Identification up to genus Pasteurella spp. was done using the 16S rRNA gene. The primers were designed using Amplifix version 1.5.4 software. In this study, the PCR amplification was done on serum and liver DNA samples. The results indicated that 63 of the serum samples (i.e., 24.23%, [95% CI: 19.42 - 29.79]) and 26 of the liver samples (i.e., [14.80%, 95% CI: 10.35- 20.90]) were positive for the genus Pasteurella. The findings of this study help to elucidate the existing gaps in knowledge regarding Pasteurella spp. Such research will undoubtedly contribute to the greater overall protection of human health.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19503_a05a168a8a186aacc2ee7e9c5fb55d40.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Detection of different species of Brucella in stray dogs using serological and molecular techniques: A strategy for controlling brucellosis in humans and animals 905 915 19022 10.22034/jzd.2024.64232.1323 EN Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Seyed Mahan Naghibzadeh Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran 0009-0004-0930-3814 Hassan Momtaz Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Mohammadreza Nazem Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Majid Gholami-Ahangaran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 28 Brucellosis is one of the most common infections in humans and animals. The dog has a main role in maintaining and transmitting this pathogen between humans and livestock. Close contact between dogs, humans, and animals may lead to the transmission of Brucella species, causing shared illnesses in humans and livestock and economic losses from abortion and stillbirth in animals. This research investigated the occurrence of brucellosis in dogs and compared the sensitivity and specificity of the Rose Bengal test with the traditional Wright test for diagnosing brucellosis in dogs. Blood was taken from 46 dog collars without an owner. Rose Bengal, Wright, and 2-ME tests were performed on serum and PCR was conducted on whole blood. The serum samples were first screened with the Rose Bengal test. All sera were then tested with Wright's or standard tube test and 2-mercaptoethanol to confirm positive animals. Based on the Rose Bengal test, the prevalence of brucellosis in the studied dogs was 15.21%. The rate of disease prevalence was determined by Wright and 2-ME methods, 10.86%, and by PCR method, 13.04%. In a titer of 1:80, the positive Wright test served as the diagnostic threshold. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the Rose Bengal test were 100%, 95.12%, 71.42%, and 100%, respectively.According to this research, the Rose Bengal test has significant validity in the contamination of dogs with common strains between humans and livestock. It can also be used as a primary screening test with a titer of 1:80. For a definitive diagnosis, other tests and culture can be used if necessary.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19022_7bafb2fc02b906d4c05e462970d10e23.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Comparative study of mapping scientific relationships of Iranian researchers in the field of infectious diseases and its pioneers 916 944 18306 10.22034/jzd.2024.18306 EN Solmaz Zardary Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Negar Ebadi Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0009-2878-7849 Journal Article 2024 05 24 The objective of this study is to create a visual representation of the collaboration networks among authors, universities, and research centers, as well as international relations, and to draw a subject map based on the documents indexed in Scopus about infectious diseases in Iran. This is compared with the leading country in this field, the United States. The study employs a quantitative approach to applied research using scientometric techniques with an approach of social network analysis. Documents were retrieved through the search strategy that contained equivalent phrases of infectious diseases and had been contributed to by at least one Iranian or United States researcher. These included 1804 documents authored by 88,846 Americans and 24,379 by 6,790 Iranians. The findings revealed that ‘Roya Kelishadi’ from the ‘Isfahan University of Medical Sciences’ and ‘Endocrinology And Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology And Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute’ were the most prolific Iranian entities. However, they were ranked differently regarding the number of citations. ‘Peter J. Hotez,’ as an author, and ‘Harvard Medical School,’ as an institution, were the most productive entities within the American scientific network. In addition, the link strength of ‘Farshad Farzadfar’ was the highest among Iranian authors, while that of ‘Ifeoma Ulasi’ was the highest among American authors. Furthermore, the United States, the United Kingdom, and India were identified as having high link strength in the Iranian collaboration networks. In contrast, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada were identified as having high link strength in American collaboration networks. The subject map visualization of Iranian research indicates that the field is broad but shallow, while the subject map of the United States is denser. The results of this study suggest that Iranian scientific policy makers of infectious diseases can provide a suitable direction for Iranian researchers by comparing with the United States.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18306_e770bf3b0c525c6c8cc88939c6c01389.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Brucellosis in dogs: A comparison of Brucella infection in herding and stray dogs in Iran (Tehran and West Azerbaijan) 945 952 19524 10.22034/jzd.2025.64598.1334 EN Shaghayegh Mahmoudi Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture, Shabestar branch Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Jalal Shayegh Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture, Shabestar branch Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Saeed Alamian Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 23 Brucellosis is one of the five most common bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, including in Iran. Although Brucella canis is the known cause of brucellosis in dogs, infections with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis have also been reported. The presence of non-specific Brucella species in dogs may make them a potential reservoir for the main hosts of these species. This study investigated Brucella's presence in stray and herding dogs and compared their contamination. Blood samples were collected from 156 dogs, including 60 stray dogs from Tehran province and 96 herding dogs from some villages in West Azarbaijan Azerbaijan province, Iran, in contact with cattle and sheep herds. Then the level of contamination was evaluated using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Wright, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and compared. Brucella was found in 66 (42.3%) samples through Rose Bengal, 16 samples through Wright (10.2%), and 1 (0.006%) sample through PCR methods. The herding dogs were more infected than the stray dogs. The higher contamination levels in the herding dogs compared to the stray dogs may be due to their close contact with farm animals, which are natural reservoirs of bacteria. This study confirmed the possibility of Brucella transmission from cattle and sheep to dogs and possibly to humans, as well as confirming the role of dogs in the dissemination of disease to cattle and sheep.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19524_547da096196d539ee4c860e4c534c1e2.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Zoonotic Diseases 2476-535X 9 3 2025 07 01 Is malaria exclusively a disease of the poor people in India? A case report on Plasmodium vivax infection 953 958 18995 10.22034/jzd.2024.63717.1306 EN Mohd Afzal 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Arogyam Institute of Paramedical & Allied Science, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247661, India (Affiliated by HNB Uttarakhand Medical Education University) Journal Article 2024 09 27 Malaria remains a public health challenge in India, disproportionately affecting impoverished populations. This case report examines a 46-year-old male daily wage laborer from Raipur Range, Dehradun, who was diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax malaria. The patient's residence near a sewage lake and his low-income status contributed to his heightened vulnerability to mosquito-borne infections. He presented with typical malaria symptoms, including recurrent fever, chills, and fatigue, persisting for 30 days despite prior treatment. Diagnostic tests, including Abbott's Malaria Ag Pf/Pv card and general blood picture microscopy, confirmed P. vivax infection. Hematological results indicated mild anemia and thrombocytopenia, commonly associated with malaria. This case highlights the environmental and socioeconomic factors that exacerbate malaria risk in disadvantaged populations, raising the question of whether malaria is exclusive to the poor or if poverty worsens its impact. In India, P. vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases, especially in urban areas where controlling the disease is difficult due to slum growth and poor sanitation. P. vivax is complicating diagnosis due to overlapping clinical features of other infections like dengue. This case underscores the importance of targeted public health interventions to mitigate malaria transmission in low-income regions.

https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18995_f5e02ddd6ab54bcd92f5a8f035618ec3.pdf