Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101A review of the epidemiology of Q fever disease in Iran171385810.22034/jzd.2021.48437.1129ENHosseinNavaeiFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4233-4768Journal Article20211017Q fever is caused by <em>Coxiella burnetii</em>, which infects lots of hosts, including animals and humans. It is a zoonosis that is considered a public health problem. Because of little epidemiological information about the status of this disease in various parts of Iran, this study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiology of Q fever among human cases and animals. Misdiagnosis with inadequate information and inattention about Q fever can lead to widespread epidemics in livestock and human communities. One of the most critical ways of transmitting Q fever in humans is respiratory aerosols or dust contaminated with animal parturition fluids. In some studies conducted in Iran, the incidence of human infection was 3.6 and 5.1%. In some studies performed in different parts of Iran, the prevalence of Coxiellosis was 33%, 27%, and 17% in goats, sheep, and cattle, respectively. Also, 27.08% of raw milk, 6.25% of yogurt, 4.35% of cheese, and 4.16% of doogh were reported positive. In conclusion, based on the evidence obtained, it seems that Q fever is currently present in Iran, and due to the lack of studies, this disease is not considered or mistaken for other febrile diseases such as influenza and brucellosis. Performing more serological studies in different parts of Iran is required to determine the epidemiological features of the disease.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13858_c7a4494cf6053da32b8cea97688d36e6.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of broiler chicken farmers toward antimicrobial resistance8181360110.22034/jzd.2021.13601ENMaryamAnsari-LariDepartment of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinay Medicine, Shiraz UniversityKeramatAsasiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, School of veterinary Medicine, Shiraz UniversityKimiaSafaeiGraduated from School of Veterinary Medicine, shiraz UniversityJournal Article20210901One important issue in using antibiotics in veterinary medicine is the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Understanding farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices could highlight the factors that influence decision-making in using antibiotics on the farm. Ninety-four poultry farmers from Fars province, southern Iran, were asked to complete a structured questionnaire regarding AMR. A high proportion of farmers (> 90%) acknowledged the association between antibiotic use and AMR in poultry, while one-third of farmers failed to recognize the relationship between antibiotic use in poultry and AMR in humans. Most farmers (66%) appreciated that using antibiotics for the treatment of diseases is very important in inducing AMR. However, the majority failed to acknowledge the high importance of antibiotic usage for growth promotion (71%) or diseases prophylaxis (61%) in inducing AMR. Less than half always adhered to using the recommended dosage of drugs and selecting the antibiotics without culture and susceptibility testing was practiced to some extent by 52% of farmers. Statistical analyses using logistic regression showed that farmers with a history of completing official training for poultry production had more positive attitudes (OR = 4.0, P = 0.02) and better practices (OR =3.1, P = 0.03) toward AMR compared with farmers who had not the history of training. Most farmers cited veterinarians as their main favorite source of information to learn more about the concept of AMR. This study establishes baseline estimates for knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry farmers toward AMR. Program planning for the transfer of relevant information to farmers, in particular association of antibiotic use in poultry and AMR in humans and importance of antibiotic use for growth promotion in inducing AMR, as well as instructing them about the prudent use of antibiotics are highly warranted. These tasks are preferentially better to be implemented by veterinary practitioners.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13601_03967b810f1ba143039ca8baebca4d64.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101A comparative study on perception of knowledge, clinical signs, and vectors of Zoonotic diseases with special reference to the Gwalior Chambal region19271366710.22034/jzd.2021.13667ENSajad AhmadBhat1- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, IndiaRayavarapu JaganadhaRaoVice Chancellor, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, IndiaKhursheed AhmadWaniDepartment of Environmental Science, Govt Degree College, Bijbehara, IndiaJournal Article20210822Zoonosis are infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. An exploratory questionnaire-based survey was carried out in twenty-seven villages (n = 27) among the population living close to their livestock in the Gwalior-Chambal region of North Madhya Pradesh to assess local knowledge, attitudes and public awareness on animal Zoonosis . Both closed and open-ended questions and focus group discussions techniques were employed to gather information on perceptions concerning the type of Zoonotic diseases prevalent in the study area, indigenous name of the diseases, animal or vector related Zoonotic diseases, clinical signs associated with the diseases in humans, clinical signs associated with the Zoonosis in animals and mode of transmission. The results demonstrated that Rabies, Malaria, and Dengue were considered the three most common Zoonotic diseases identified by the respondents through focus group discussion along with their carriers/vectors. Death was the common symptom of Rabies recognized by the respondents (55%), chill (68.2%) for Malaria and (75%) for engue. Co-residence with livestock consumption of un-treated livestock products (i.e. milk, meat or eggs) and attending to parturition were perceived as routes of transmission. These results suggest that in the Gwalior-Chambal region, rare awareness and knowledge of Zoonosis, along with food consumption habits and poor animal husbandry are the main cause for the local population an increased risk of contracting Zoonosis. A significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 has been observed in the value identified as Zoonoses by respondents through focus group discussions. Public health promotion on education and inter-disciplinary one-health collaboration between vets, public health practitioners and policy makers should result in a more efficient and effective joint approach to the diagnosis and control of Zoonosis in Gwalior-Chambal region.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13667_97f762542fc9de686168b904f91f4cd6.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101Study of Yersinia enterocolitica contamination in red meat supplied In Shiraz, Iran28331349110.22034/jzd.2021.13491ENFarshadNajjar AsiabaniVeterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, Shushtar, IranMojtabaBazaeiVeterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, Shushtar, IranSeyed AliRais SadatVeterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, Shushtar, IranJournal Article20210705<em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em> is one of the intestinal pathogens that are transferred to human through water and food, especially infected meat. Food contamination with this bacterium causes diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, appendicitis syndrome, like fever and septicemia. This study aimed study the red meat supplied in Shiraz for <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em> contamination<strong>. </strong>In this study, 200 samples of meat supplied in Shiraz were prepared, and were classified based on packaging and non-packaging, storage method and retention time of cart and were investigated for <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em> contamination. Samples were transferred to PBS enriched environment containing sorbitol sugar and bile salts. These samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for three weeks and then cultured on selected culture medium of <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em>. Then, microbiological and biochemical subtraction tests were performed on samples. According to study, 13% of the collect meat samples (26 samples) was infected with <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em>. The results showed no significant difference in the frequency of contamination among different groups of the samples. The studies show that a significant amount of red meat can be contaminated with bacteria when meat foods are not heated enough during cooking, and subsequent storage in the refrigerator provides the opportunity to amplification of this bacterium. Moreover, due to the lack of apparent signs of spoilage, this bacterium causes gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal complications in consumers.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13491_0b47c7a16813c4e494b72e83b6ade590.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 and pets among pet owners referred to veterinary clinics in Iran34421358110.22034/jzd.2021.13581ENArashGhalyanchi LangroudiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSeyed AbedMirbagheriDepartment of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranHosseinHosseiniDepartment of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranMohaddeseHosseinzadeDepartment of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranMohammad HosseinFallah MehrababdiPoultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension OrganizationZahraZiafati KafiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAliHojabr RajeoniDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranRezaEsmaeelzadeh DizajiDepartment of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9044-1659Journal Article20210606Covid-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome is a novel beta coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 has a putative animal origin. As SARS-CoV-2 started outspreading in the whole world, potential spill overexposure was considered in companion and pet animals, similarly because of their strict social relationship with humans. As the novel coronavirus prevalence spreads in the world with devastating impacts on human health, pets and companion animals are also becoming unessential sacrifices among the pandemic panic and concern amid the public that companion animals might play a role in spreading COVID-19 pets being obsolete or even killed. These facts led to a KAP survey design to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 and pets among pet owners referring to veterinary clinics. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional paper-based survey. The questionnaire comprised 56 items, of which nine were on socio-demographic profiles, 41 were on KAP of COVID-19 and pets, and the other six items were on the source of individual information about this subject. The questionnaire was answered by 462 participants anonymously in October 2020. All the statistical analyses were performed by using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Based on the results, most general population (62.7%) had moderate knowledge about the Covid-19, and 22.1% had insufficient knowledge about this subject. The present study indicated that a higher knowledge score concerning COVID-19 was notably related to a higher likelihood of having a positive tendency and good practice when the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, our findings presented that the majority of participants (62.3%) obtained their information from social media.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13581_8048e35f18f246eee5c73991acd0a2fa.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of TabrizJournal of Zoonotic Diseases2476-535X5320211101First report of Theileria buffeli/Theileria orientalis group and identification of piroplasms via Nested PCR-based RLB Hybridization assay in zebu cattle in the Western Highlands of Cameroon43531347110.22034/jzd.2021.13471ENGhislain RoméoNgangnang1- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonMünirAktasDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firät, Elazig, TurkeyMehmet CanUlucesmeDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firät, Elazig, TurkeyKeptcheuTchankwe DésiréDepartment of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonFlorenceFonteh AnyangweDepartment of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonVincent KhanPayneDepartment of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonJournal Article20210710Piroplasms infections are tick-borne diseases caused by haemoparasite of the genus Theileria or Babesia. They have a great impact on livestock production, especially cattle in sub-Saharan countries. However, data on the prevalence of bovine piroplasms and their genetic diversity are scanty in Cameroon. This study was aimed at highlight the species composition and determine the prevalence of piroplasms infecting cattle in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. To achieve this aim, blood samples from a total of 162 cattle were collected and examined using Reverse Line Blot hybridization (RLB) assay. The amplified hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene of bovine piroplasms species, including Theileria parva, T. annulata, T mutans, T. velifera, T. buffeli/T. orientalis, T. taurotragi, Theileria sp (buffalo), Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. major and B. occultans was hybridized against species-specific probes. RLB hybridization assay revealed the presence of four piroplasms species with the overall prevalence of infection of 82.1%. <em>Theileria velifera </em>(71.6%) was the most prevalent species followed by <em>Theileria mutans </em>(43.21%), <em>Theileria buffeli/T. orientalis </em>(5.55%) and <em>Babesia bigemina </em>(3.7%). However, the study provided the first molecular evidence for the presence of <em>T. buffeli/T. orientalis </em>group species in cattle in Cameroon. Higher overall prevalence of infection of tick-borne pathogens was observed in this study area as well as the increase in prevalence and widespread of <em>T. velifera </em>and the observance of a new species of piroplasms. These results are an indication that special attention should be given to epizootiological investigations alongside well-adopted control programs.https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13471_aa690d83c731912548ea3486bb15a3a9.pdf