ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Maggot therapy-related zoonotic diseases and modern larval therapy solutions to ensure safety
< p>Larva therapy or maggot therapy is a new treatment used mainly for some skin diseases such as diabetic wounds and skin tumors. The use of larval therapy can improve the success and speed of wound healing. In this treatment, fly larvae are used for the treatment process. In the past, diseases such as tetanus and erysipelas have been seen in larval therapy. New methods of producing sterile larvae have significantly reduced the risk of these diseases in patients. Microbial control of larvae produced prior to wound placement can be a very effective method of immunizing larval therapy. Despite the possibility of various diseases due to larval therapy, with proper quality control and microbial program, the infection can be minimized. Several methods have been introduced for sterilizing larvae. The use of disinfectants in the egg stage can reduce the possibility of microorganisms in the larvae used.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11599_afc218103493b66b046a14b23511b688.pdf
2020-12-01
1
8
10.22034/jzd.2020.11599
Infectious Disease
Clostridium tetani
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Providencia stuartii
Sterilization
Masoud
Ahmadnejad
ahmadnejad.masoud@gmail.com
1
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ata
Kaboudari
ata_kabudari@yahoo.com
2
Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Kenawy M. and Yousrya A.H. (2020). “Maggot Therapy” Use of Fly Larvae for Treatment of Wounds - A Review. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology, 12(2), pp. 1–10.
1
Hosni E.M., Kenawy M.A., Nasser M.G., Al-Ashaal S.A. and Rady M.H. (2019). A brief review of myiasis with special notes on the blow flies producing myiasis (F. calliphoridae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, pp. 25-32.
2
Hal M. and Wall R. (1995). Myiasis of humans and domestic animals. Advances in Parasitology, 35, pp. 257-334.
3
Thomas S. (2003). Introduction to maggot therapy. http://www.Larve.com
4
Naik G. and Harding K.G. (2017). Maggot debridement therapy: the current perspectives. Chronic Wound Care Management and Research, 4, pp. 121-128.
5
Whitaker L.S., Christopher T., Michael J.W., Mathew W., Charles S.B. and Ahmed S. (2007). Larval Therapy from Antiquity to the Present Day: Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Applications and Future Potential. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 83 (980), pp. 409-413.
6
Sherman R.A. (2002). Maggot Therapy for Foot and Leg Wounds. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 1(2), pp. 135-142.
7
Nuesch R., Rahm G., Rudin W., Steffen I., Frei R., Rufli T. and Zimmerli W. (2002). Clustering of Bloodstream Infections during Maggot Debridement Therapy Using Contaminated Larvae of Protophormia Terraenovae. Infection, 30(5), pp. 306-309.
8
Sherman R.A., Hall M.J.R. and Thomas S. (2000). Medicinal Maggots: An Ancient Remedy for Some Contemporary Afflictions. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, pp. 55-81.
9
Simmons S.W. (1934). Sterilization of Blowfly Eggs. In the Culture of Surgical Maggots for Use in the Treatment of Pyogenic Infections. The American Journal of Surgery, 25(1), pp. 140-147.
10
Weil G.C., Richard J.S. and Walter R.S. (1933). A Biological, Bacteriological and Clinical Study of Larval or Maggot Therapy in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pyogenic Infections. The American Journal of Surgery, 19(1), pp. 36-48.
11
Yen L.M. and Thwaites C.L. (2019). Tetanus. The Lancet, (Seminar), 393 (10181), pp. 1657-1668.
12
Van Galen G., et al. (2017). Retrospective evaluation of 155 adult equids and 21 foals with tetanus in Western, Northern, and Central Europe (2000–2014). Part 1: description of history and clinical evolution. eterinary Emergency & Critical Care Society (San Antonio), 27, pp. 684-696.
13
Stock I. (2015). Tetanus and Clostridium tetani-a brief review. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 38(2), pp. 57-60.
14
George E.K., De Jesus O. and Vivekanandan R. (2020). Clostridium Tetani. NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Stat Pearls.
15
Ugochukwu I.C.I., Samuel F., Orakpoghenor O., Nwobi O.C., Anyaoha C.O., Majesty-Alukagberie O.L., Ugochukwu O.M. and Ugochukwu E.I. (2019). Erysipelas, the opportunistic zoonotic disease: history, epidemiology, pathology, and diagnosis-a review. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 28, pp. 853-859.
16
Principe L., Bracco S., Mauri C., Tonolo S., Pini B. and Luzzaro F. (2016). Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Bacteriaemia without endocarditis: rapid identification from positive blood culture by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A case report and literature review. Infectious Disease Reports, 8(1), pp. 6368.
17
Quinn P.J., Markey B.K., Carter M.E., Donnelly W.J. and Leonard F.C. (2002). Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease, 1st Edn, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
18
Micaelo M., Rasmy P., Amara M., Lambert J., Coutard A. and Pangon B. (2016). Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteremia: a challenging diagnosis. Annales de Biologie Clinique, 74(5), pp. 613-615.
19
Krauss H., Webber A., Appel M., Enders B., Graevenitz A.V., Isenberg H.D., Slenczka W. and Zahner H. (2003). Zoonoses: infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp 450-457.
20
Kayser F.H. (2005). Bacteria as human pathogens. In: Kayser FH, Bienz KA, Eckert J, Zinkernagel RM (eds) Medical Microbiology. Thieme, London, pp. 254.
21
Wang T., Khan D. and Mobarakai N. (2020). Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis. ID Cases, 22, pp. e00958.
22
Liu J., Wang R. and Fang M. (2020). Clinical and drug resistance characteristics of Providencia stuartii infections in 76 patients. Journal of International Medical Research, 48(10), pp. 1-5.
23
McHale P.J., Walker F., Scully B., English L. and Keane C. T. (1981). Providencia stuartii infections: a review of 117 cases over an eight year period. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2, pp. 155-165
24
Lin K., Lin A.N., Linn S., Reddy M. and Bakshi A. (2017). Recurrent primary suprahepatic abscess due to Providencia stuartii: a rare phenomenon. Cureus Journal of Medical Science, 9, pp e1691.
25
Molnár S., Flonta M.M.M., Almaş A., Buzea M., Licker M., Rus M., Földes A. and Székely E. (2019). Dissemination of NDM-1 carbapenemase-producer Providencia stuartii strains in Romanian hospitals: a multicentre study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 103(2), pp. 165-169.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Human brucellosis from a tertiary care hospital setting in Central India
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease and has public health importance. In the present study, we studied the prevalence and associated risk factors of human brucellosis in the central Indian population from tertiary care health settings. A prospective observational study was conducted from March 2015 to February 2018 in patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur. A total of 7026 individuals suspected of brucellosis were recruited based on prespecified inclusion criteria, additional risk factors, and clinical symptoms. Baseline, demographic and clinical characteristics were likewise recorded. Sera samples from recruited individuals were collected and subjected to anti-brucellosis antibody (IgM) detection using a commercial kit by ELISA assay. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis reported from tertiary care health settings was 11% (772/7026). The majority of positive cases were from the states Madhya Pradesh (58.1%), followed by (Maharashtra (38.8%) and Chhattisgarh (2.9%). Adult age (20-60) and female groups were more vulnerable. Clinical symptoms like fever, arthralgia, and myalgia risk factors like animal exposure, consumption of raw milk, vegetable, and meat were significantly associated with brucellosis in the recruited population. Among the positive cases, high seroprevalence was associated with animal handlers (66.8%) compared to other occupationally exposed groups. The present study shows a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in health care settings. We emphasize regular screening of the disease in clinical settings to develop epidemiological data and initiate appropriate control measures.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11600_78ea9664a85b4b2548233f1fb4c7d5e3.pdf
2020-12-01
9
20
10.22034/jzd.2020.11600
Human brucellosis
Seroprevalence
Risk Factors
ELISA
Jayshree L.
Shukla
1
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Aliabbas
Husain
aliabbas_mb@rediffmail.com
2
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Amit R.
Nayak
3
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Nidhi
Bhartiya
nidhibhartiya1991@gmail.com
4
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Hatim
Daginawala
hfd_ciims@rediffmail.com
5
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Lokendra
Singh
drlokendra_singh@hotmail.com
6
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Rajpal S.
Kashyap
raj_ciims@rediffmail.com
7
Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Agasthya A.S., Isloor S. and Prabhudas K. (2007). Brucellosis in high-risk group individuals. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 25, pp. 28–31.
1
Appannanavar S., Sharma K., Verma S. and Sharma M. (2012). Seroprevalence of Brucellosis: A 10-year experience at a tertiary care centre in north India. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 55(2), p. 271.
2
Aworh M.K., Okolocha E.C., Kwaga J., Fasina F.O., Lazarus D.D., Suleman I., Poggensee G., Nguku P. and Nsubuga P. (2013). Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and associated exposure factors among abattoir workers in Abuja, Nigeria-2011. Pan African Medical Journal, 16, 103.
3
Bansal Y., Aggarwal A., Gadepalli R. and Nag V.L. (2019). Seroprevalence of brucellosis in Western Rajasthan: A study from a tertiary care center. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 37(3), pp. 426.
4
Makita, K., Fevre E.M., Waiswa C., Kaboyo W.K., Eisler M. and Welburn S.C. (2011). Spatial epidemiology of hospital-diagnosed brucellosis in Kampala, Uganda. International Journal of Health Geographics, 10 (1), 52.
5
Mangalgi, S.S., Sajjan A.G., Mohite S.T. and Vakade S.V. (2015). Serological, Clinical, and Epidemiological Profile of Human Brucellosis in Rural India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 40(3), pp. 163–167.
6
Mantur B.G. and Amarnath S.K. (2008). Brucellosis in India-a review. Journal of Biosciences, 33(4), pp. 539–547.
7
Monath T.P. (2013). Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm. Vaccine, 31(46), pp. 5321–5338.
8
Mudaliar S., Bhore A. and Pandit D. (2003). Detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in animal handlers. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 57(5), pp. 181–186.
9
Nielsen K., Smith P., Yu W., Nicoletti P., Jungersen G., Stack J. and Godfroid J. (2006). Serological discrimination by indirect enzyme immunoassay between the antibody response to Brucella sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica O: 9 in cattle and pigs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 109(1–2), pp. 69–78.
10
Pathak, A.D., Dubal Z., Doijad S.P., Raorane A., Naik-Gaonkar Sh., Kalorey D.R., Kurkure N., Naik R. and Barbuddhe S. (2014). Human brucellosis among pyrexia of unknown origin cases and occupationally exposed individuals in Goa Region, India. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 7, 23846.
11
Patil, D.P., Ajantha G.S., Chande Sh., Jain P.A., Kalabhavi A., Shetty P.C., Hosamani M., Appannanavar S. and Kulkarni R. (2016). Trend of human brucellosis over a decade at tertiary care center in North Karnataka. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 34(4), p. 427.
12
Renukaradhya G.J., Isloor S. and Rajasekhar, M. (2002). Epidemiology, zoonotic aspects, vaccination and control/eradication of brucellosis in India. Veterinary Microbiology, 90(1), pp. 183–195.
13
Tsend S., Baljinnyam Z., Suuri B., Dashbal E., Oidov B., Roth F., Zinsstag J., Schelling E. and Davaalkham D. (2014). Seroprevalence survey of brucellosis among rural people in Mongolia. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 5(4), pp. 13–20.
14
Tumwine G., Matovu E., Kabasa J.D., Owiny D. and Majalija S. (2015). Human brucellosis: sero-prevalence and associated risk factors in agro-pastoral communities of Kiboga District, Central Uganda. BMC Public Health, 15 (1), 900.
15
Vigeant P., Mendelson J. and Miller M. A. (1995). Human to human transmission of Brucella melitensis. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 6(3), pp. 153–15
16
Wu G., Yang C., Li J., Liu N., Yao W., Zhang R. and Lin Z. (2013). Prevalence study of brucellosis among high-risk people in the Xinjiang region, China. Microbiology Discovery, 1(1), 2.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biodiversity and distribution of flea (Siphonaptera), rodent (Rodentia), and Crocidura (Insectivora) species associated with plague epidemiology in eastern Zambia
Fleas (Siphonaptera) are important vectors of several animal and human disease pathogens, while rodents are considered as reservoirs of most pathogens, including Yersinia pestis Factors that influence the parasitism rate of fleas, ecological aspects that modulate their distribution, and host-flea relationship in Eastern Zambia remain unknown. Furthermore, there is little information on the biodiversity and abundance of rodents and fleas in the study area. A total of 1212 mammals were sampled and examined. These included rodents (n=329), Crocidura (n=113), domestic pigs (n=254), small ruminants (n=346) and carnivores (n=168), and 1578 fleas, where five species were identified. There were nine genera and species of rodents with one genus of Crocidura captured. The results showed that 27(8.2%) and 19(5.8%) rodents and 8(7.0%) and 2(1.8%) Crocidura were positive for antibodies and pla gene for Y. pestis, respectively. Echidnophaga larina were the most mean abundant (MA=8.58), while Xenopsylla cheopis had the least mean abundant (MA=0.14), nevertheless it was the most infected with Y. pestis. Mastomys. natalensis was highest in plague positivity 31/56, followed by Crocidura spp 10/56 and Rattus rattus 6/56. The results indicated that three flea species were infected with Yersinia pestis. Shannon-Weiner (H) and dominance (D) indices of rodents were 1.5 and 0.2789, while the flea indices were 0.5310 and 0.8389, respectively. There was a strong association between richness of fleas and plague disease (p=0.01; x2=65.3). It’s established that rodents were more biodiversity than fleas while both were unevenly distributed. It’s recommended that control measures of fleas be intensified and sustained to lessen the spread of their associated diseases.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11601_4c3be2af777ac117ba52fecb13c34a8e.pdf
2020-12-01
21
35
10.22034/jzd.2020.11601
Biodiversity Crocidura
Fleas
Plague
Rodents
Stanley S.
Nyirenda
1
Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. box 33980, Balmoral, Lusaka Zambia Chreso University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Makeni, Lusaka, Zambia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bernard M.
Hang’ombe
2
The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka Zambia
AUTHOR
Evans
Mulenga
ntongo2004@yahoo.co.uk
3
The University of Zambia, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lusaka Zambia
AUTHOR
Robert S.
Machang’u
4
Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro Tanzania
AUTHOR
Bukheti S.
Kilonzo
5
Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro Tanzania
AUTHOR
Edwin
Sianzinda
sianzindase@yahoo.co.uk
6
Chreso University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Makeni, Lusaka, Zambia
AUTHOR
Patrick
Chanda
pchanda@chresouniversity.edu.zm
7
Chreso University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Makeni, Lusaka, Zambia
AUTHOR
Ago Y., Rasmussen S., Allentoft M.E., Nielsen K., Nielsen R., Kristiansen K., Willerslev E. and et al. (2015). Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia Pestis in Eurasia Article Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia Pestis in Eurasia 5000 Years Ago. Cell, 163, pp. 571–82.
1
Amatre G., Babi N., Enscore R.E., Ogen-Odoi A., Atiku L. Akol A., Gage K.L. and Eisen R.J. (2009). Flea Diversity and Infestation Prevalence on Rodents in a Plague-Endemic Region of Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 81 (4), pp. 718–24.
2
Backhans A. and Fellström C. (2012). Rodents on Pig and Chicken Farms - a Potential Threat to Human and Animal Health. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 2, 17093.
3
Bitam I., Dittmar K., Parola P., Whiting M.F. and Raoult D. (2010). Fleas and Flea-Borne Diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases (Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases), 14 (8), pp. e667-e676
4
Chu M.C. (2000). Laboratory Manual of Plague Diagnostics. Geneva: . US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization.
5
Eisen, R.J, Borchert J.N, Mpanga J.T, Atiku L.A, MacMillan K, Boegler K.A, Montenieri J.A, Monaghan A and Gage K.L. (2012). Flea Diversity as an Element for Persistence of Plague Bacteria in an East African Plague Focus. PLoS ONE, 7 (4), pp. 1–8.
6
Eisen, R.J, Dennis D.T and Gage K.L. (2015a). The Role of Early-Phase Transmission in the Spread of Yersinia Pestis. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (6), pp. 1183–92.
7
Esfandiari B., Nahrevanian H., Khaki P., Esfandiari B., Nahrevanian M.R.P., Gouya M.M., Hanifi H., Khaki P., Mostafavi E., Darvish J. (2017). “Epidemiological Distribution of Rodents as Potent Reservoirs for Infectious Diseases in the Provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan, Northern Iran.” Infectious Disease Reports, 9 (6900), pp. 62–65.
8
Foottit R.G, Adler P.H, and Galloway T.D. (2018). Biodiversity of Ectoparasites: Lice (Phthiraptera) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) In: Insect Biodiversity. Science and Society II, John Wiley & Sons.
9
Kausrud K.L., Viljugrein H., Frigessi A., Begon M., Davis S., Leirs H., Vladimir D. and Stenseth N.C. (2007). Climatically Driven Synchrony of Gerbil Populations Allows Large-Scale Plague Outbreaks. Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society, 274, pp. 1963–69.
10
Kilonzo, B.S. (1999). Basic Procedures for Collecting, Processing and Identification of Common Fleas. Morogoro, Tanzania.
11
Kilonzo B.S, Mbise T.J, Mwalimu D.C. and Kindamba L. (2006). Observations on the Endemicity of Plague in Karatu and Ngorongoro, Northern Tanzania. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin 8 (1), pp. 1–6.
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Kilonzo B.S. (1976). A Survey of Rodents and Their Flea Ectoparasites in North-Eastern Tanzania. East African Journal of Medical Research, 3, pp. 117–126.
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Kilonzo B.S. (1999). Plague Epidemiology and Control in Eastern and Southern Africa during the Period 1978 to 1997. The Central African Journal of Medicine, 35, pp. 70–76.
14
Kingdon, Jonathan. (1974). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. (Hares and Rodents). London: Academic press.
15
Krasnov B.R, Shenbrot G.I, Warburton E.M, Van Der Mescht L., Surkova E.N., Medvedev S.G., Pechnikova N., Ermolova N., Kotti B.K. and Khokhlova I.S. (2019). Species and Site Contributions to β-Diversity in Fleas Parasitic on the Palearctic Small Mammals: Ecology, Geography and Host Species Composition Matter the Most. Parasitology, 146 (5), pp. 653–61.
16
Miarinjara A and Boyer S. (2016). Current Perspectives on Plague Vector Control in Madagascar: Susceptibility Status of Xenopsylla Cheopis to 12 Insecticides. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10 (2), e0004414.
17
Moore S.M, Monaghan A, Borchert J.N, Mpanga J.T, Atiku L.A, Boegler K.A, Montenieri J, Macmillan K, Gage K.L and Eisen R.J. (2015). Seasonal Fluctuations of Small Mammal and Flea Communities in a Ugandan Plague Focus: Evidence to Implicate Arvicanthis Niloticus and Crocidura Spp. as Key Hosts in Yersinia Pestis Transmission. Parasites and Vectors, 8 (11), pp. 1–15.
18
Morand S. (2011). Infectious Diseases, Biodiversity and Global Changes: How the Biodiversity Sciences May Help, In: The Importance of Biological Interactions in the Study of Biodiversity. pp. 231–54.
19
Njunwa K.J., Mwaiko G.L., Kilonzo B.S. and Mhina J.I.K. (1999). Seasonal Patterns of Rodents, Fleas and Plague Status in the Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3 (1), pp. 17–22.
20
Nyirenda S.S., Hang’ombe B.M., Kilonzo B.S., Kangwa H.L., Mulenga E. and Moonga L. (2017). Potential roles of pigs, small ruminants, rodents, and their flea vectors in plague epidemiology in Sinda district, eastern Zambia. Journal of Medical entomology, 54(3), pp. 719-725
21
Nyirenda S.S., Hang’ombe B.M., Mulenga E. and Kilonzo B.S. (2017). Serological and PCR Investigation of Yersinia Pestis in Potential Reservoir Hosts from a Plague Outbreak Focus in Zambia. BMC Research Notes, 10 (1), 345.
22
Nyirenda, S.S., Hang’ombe B.M., Simulundu E., Mulenga E., Moonga L., Machang’u R.S., Misinzo G. and Kilonzo B.S. (2018). Molecular Epidemiological Investigations of Plague in Eastern Province of Zambia. BMC Microbiology, 18, 2.
23
Nziza J., Tumushime J.C., Cranfield M., Ntwari A.E., Modrý D., Mudakikwa A., Šlapeta J. (2019). Fleas from Domestic Dogs and Rodents in Rwanda Carry Rickettsia Asembonensis and Bartonella Tribocorum. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 33 (1), pp. 177–84.
24
Pratt H.D. and Stojanovich C.H.J. (1966). Illustrated Key to Species Found during Plague Investigations, In: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Ed. Atlanta, USA: Communicable Disease Center. pp. 171–74.
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Ralaizafisoloarivony N.A., Kimaro D.N., Kihupi N.I., Mulungu L.S., Leirs H., Msanya B.M., Jozef A., Deckers J.A. and Gulinck H. (2014). Small Mammals Distribution and Diversity in a Plague Endemic Area in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 16 (3), pp. 1–9.
26
Sanchez J. and Lareschi M. (2019). Diversity, Distribution and Parasitism Rates of Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) on Sigmodontine Rodents (Cricetidae) from Argentinian Patagonia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 109 (1), pp. 72–83.
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Traub R. (1962). Rothschild Collection of Fleas. Nature, 196 (4852), 304.
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Whiting M.F., Whiting A.S., Hastriter M.W. and Dittmar K. (2008). A Molecular Phylogeny of Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): Origins and Host Associations. Cladistics, 24 (5), pp. 677–707.
30
Young H.S., Dirzo R., McCauley D.J., Agwanda B., Cattaneo L., Dittmar K., Eckerlin R.P., et al. (2015). Drivers of Intensity and Prevalence of Flea Parasitism on Small Mammals in East African Savanna Ecosystems. Journal of Parasitology, 101 (3), pp. 327–35.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Th1/Th2/Th17 pattern in pregnant mice inoculated with live Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex
The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is complicated. A T-helper-2 response can support parasite establishment, which is exacerbated by the pregnancy, whereas a T-helper-1 response would be destructive for the parasite. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of pregnancy on the serum levels of some cytokines during parasite inoculation. Twenty Balb/c mice were divided randomly into four groups including: A) control group, B) healthy pregnant, C) pregnant inoculated with granulosus s.l. protoscolices, and D) non-pregnant inoculated with protoscolices. Subsequently, the Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin -4 (IL-4) and interleukin -17 (IL-17) were determined during four weeks by ELISA method. At 7th-day post-infection (d.p.i), the levels of cytokines increased in all groups, but there were no significant differences between increased levels. At 14 d.p.i, the levels of cytokines were nearly similar to the first week, except for IFN-γ and TNF-α, which their levels were significantly higher in group D than the other groups (p < 0.05). At 21 d.p.i, the levels of IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines were significantly higher in the D group than the others (p < 0/05), but IL-4level was significantly higher in the C group than the other group (p < 0/05). At 28 d.p.i. level of IL-4 was significantly higher in the C group than the others (p < 0/05). Considering that pregnancy can increase the level of cytokine related to Th2, it can effectively survive of the E. granulosus parasite.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11347_4264e2f92944de2ca8340db6364dbe5b.pdf
2020-12-01
36
50
10.22034/jzd.2020.11347
Cytokines
Hydatid cyst
Pregnancy
T helper
Th response
Yaser
Jafari
y.jafari@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Imani baran
a.imani@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Somayeh
Ahmadiafsha
3
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modifications in virulence of Neospora caninum after long term maintenance in murine macrophage
The aim of the present study was to attenuate Neospora caninum tachyzoites through continuous passage in murine macrophage and examine the virulence of attenuated tachyzoites in the mouse. The NC-1 reference isolate was 120 times passaged in the J774 cell line to produce attenuated strain. The virulence of tachyzoites was evaluated in a mouse model. Thirty-five female BALB/c mice randomly divided into seven groups. The first group, as control, was inoculated with culture media by subcutaneous injection. The second, third, and fourth groups received various dilutions (10×106, 5×106, 20×106) of acute NC-1 tachyzoites. Other groups were inoculated by attenuated tachyzoites with the same dilutions. The skin test and ELISA assay were performed to assess the cellular and humoral immunity responses. The mortality and clinical changes were noted daily. Notably, the significant difference was observed in the mortality rate of mice inoculated by acute and attenuated tachyzoites. Besides, serum antibody titers for N.caninum were higher in mice that received attenuated N.caninum. Also, mice that received live attenuated NC-1 showed significant footpad swelling. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the culture of N.caninum in the J774 cells led to decrease of virulence of NC-1 significantly, which is confirmed here by the response of humoral and cellular immunity. This attenuated tachyzoites might be used as a candidate for further research to develop live vaccines against N.caninum.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11602_deec08822b55e5aafe1cee8b83e87351.pdf
2020-12-01
51
62
10.22034/jzd.2020.11602
Neospora caninum
murine macrophage
serial passages
Balb/c mice
Parya
Beigi
paryabeigi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Namavari
2
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Buxton B. (1993). Toxoplasmosis: the first commercial vaccine. Parasitology, 9, pp. 335-337.
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Chamberland S. and Current L.W. (1990). Use of mouse macrophage cell lines for in vitro propagation of Toxoplasma gondiiRH tachyzoites. Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 197, pp. 150–157.
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Daneshvar H., Hagan P., Phillips R.S. (2003). Leishmania mexicana H-line attenuated under pressure of gentamicin, potentiates a Th1 response and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunology, 25, pp. 589-596.
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Dubey J.P. and Lindasy D.S. (1996). A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis. Veterinary Parasitology,67,pp. 1-59.
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7
Kargar M., Sayari M., Namavari M., Lotfi M., and Kamalzadeh M. (2011). Virulenceassesment of a Neospora caninum isolate for inbred C57BL/6 mouse. Archive of Razi Institute, 67, pp. 57-61.
8
Khordadmehr M., Namavari M., Khodakaram-Tafti A., Mansourian M., Rahimian A. and Daneshbod Y. (2013). Comparison of use of Vero cell line and suspension culture of murine macrophage to attenuation of virulence of Neospora caninum. Research in Veterinary Science, 95, pp. 515–521.
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Monney T. and Hemphill A. (2014). Vaccines against neosporosis: What can we learn from the past studies? Experimental Parasitology, 140, pp. 52-70.
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Namavari M., Mansourian M., Khodakaram-Tafti A., Hosseini M.H., Rahimiyan A., Khordadmehr M. and Lotfi M. (2012). Application of chicken embryonated eggs as a new model for evaluating the virulence of Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21, pp. 1665-1668.
17
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18
Nishikawa Y., Inoue N., Makala L. and Nagasawa H. (2003). A role for balance of interferon gamma and interleukin-4 production in protective immunity against Neospora caninum infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 116, pp. 175–184.
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Okeoma C.M., Williamson N.B., Pomroy W.E., Stowell K.M., Gillespie L. (2004). The use of PCR to detect Neospora caninum DNA in the blood of naturally infected cows. Veterinary Parasitology 122, pp. 307-315.
20
Omata Y., Kamiya H., Kano R., Kobayashi Y., Maeda R., Saito, A. (2006). Footpad Reaction induced by Neospora caninum tachyzoite extract in infected BALB/c mice. Veterinary Parasitology, 139, pp. 102-108.
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Setasimy A. and Namavari M. (2015). Use of chicken embryonated eggs for evaluating the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 39, pp. 1-3.
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Weston J.F, Heuer B. and Williamson N.B. (2012). Efficacy of a Neospora caninum killed tachyzoite vaccine in preventing abortion and vertical transmission in dairy cattle. Preventing Veterinary Medicine, 103, pp. 136–144.
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26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of supplementation of vitamin E and selenium during late gestation on milk somatic cells count and incidence of retained placenta in dairy cows
The somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used to predict the health of cow ҆s mammary gland and the suitability of milk for human consumption. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium at two intervals during late gestationon SCC and retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows. The 138 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected, which were randomly divided into two treatment and control groups. The cows in the control group (n=66) received a single injection of vitamin E and selenium at one dose (20 cc/cow) on day 250 of pregnancy, and in the treatment group (n=72) received two injections of vitamin E and selenium on days 250 and 270 of gestation.The SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices were calculated in all cows.The results showed that the SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices of cows in the treatment group have no significant difference from the control group. However, the calving to the first insemination interval and RP percentage in the treatment group was reduced.According to the results of the present study, it seems that more detailed studies are needed to find the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on the incidence of RP, milk, and SCC.
https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11603_7bd926d310106ea333908130e7e6d357.pdf
2020-12-01
63
74
10.22034/jzd.2020.11603
dairy cows
retained placenta
SCC
selenium
vitamin E
Abolfazl
Hajibemani
a.hajibemani@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Javad
Jafari
javaadjafari1993@gmail.com
2
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran, and Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Habib-allah
Rashidzadeh
rashidzadehh@yahoo.com
3
Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sharekord, Shahrekord, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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