@article { author = {Ahmadnejad, Masoud and Kaboudari, Ata}, title = {Maggot therapy-related zoonotic diseases and modern larval therapy solutions to ensure safety}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11599}, abstract = {< p>Larva therapy or maggot therapy is a new treatment used mainly for some skin diseases such as diabetic wounds and skin tumors. The use of larval therapy can improve the success and speed of wound healing. In this treatment, fly larvae are used for the treatment process. In the past, diseases such as tetanus and erysipelas have been seen in larval therapy. New methods of producing sterile larvae have significantly reduced the risk of these diseases in patients. Microbial control of larvae produced prior to wound placement can be a very effective method of immunizing larval therapy. Despite the possibility of various diseases due to larval therapy, with proper quality control and microbial program, the infection can be minimized. Several methods have been introduced for sterilizing larvae. The use of disinfectants in the egg stage can reduce the possibility of microorganisms in the larvae used.}, keywords = {Infectious Disease,Clostridium tetani,Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae,Providencia stuartii,Sterilization}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11599.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11599_afc218103493b66b046a14b23511b688.pdf} } @article { author = {Shukla, Jayshree L. and Husain, Aliabbas and Nayak, Amit R. and Bhartiya, Nidhi and Daginawala, Hatim and Singh, Lokendra and Kashyap, Rajpal S.}, title = {Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Human brucellosis from a tertiary care hospital setting in Central India}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {9-20}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11600}, abstract = {Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease and has public health importance. In the present study, we studied the prevalence and associated risk factors of human brucellosis in the central Indian population from tertiary care health settings. A prospective observational study was conducted from March 2015 to February 2018 in patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur. A total of 7026 individuals suspected of brucellosis were recruited based on prespecified inclusion criteria, additional risk factors, and clinical symptoms. Baseline, demographic and clinical characteristics were likewise recorded. Sera samples from recruited individuals were collected and subjected to anti-brucellosis antibody (IgM) detection using a commercial kit by ELISA assay. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis reported from tertiary care health settings was 11% (772/7026). The majority of positive cases were from the states Madhya Pradesh (58.1%), followed by (Maharashtra (38.8%) and Chhattisgarh (2.9%). Adult age (20-60) and female groups were more vulnerable. Clinical symptoms like fever, arthralgia, and myalgia risk factors like animal exposure, consumption of raw milk, vegetable, and meat were significantly associated with brucellosis in the recruited population. Among the positive cases, high seroprevalence was associated with animal handlers (66.8%) compared to other occupationally exposed groups. The present study shows a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in health care settings. We emphasize regular screening of the disease in clinical settings to develop epidemiological data and initiate appropriate control measures.}, keywords = {Human brucellosis,Seroprevalence,Risk Factors,ELISA}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11600.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11600_78ea9664a85b4b2548233f1fb4c7d5e3.pdf} } @article { author = {Nyirenda, Stanley S. and Hang’ombe, Bernard M. and Mulenga, Evans and Machang’u, Robert S. and Kilonzo, Bukheti S. and Sianzinda, Edwin and Chanda, Patrick}, title = {Biodiversity and distribution of flea (Siphonaptera), rodent (Rodentia), and Crocidura (Insectivora) species associated with plague epidemiology in eastern Zambia}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {21-35}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11601}, abstract = {Fleas (Siphonaptera) are important vectors of several animal and human disease pathogens, while rodents are considered as reservoirs of most pathogens, including Yersinia pestis Factors that influence the parasitism rate of fleas, ecological aspects that modulate their distribution, and host-flea relationship in Eastern Zambia remain unknown.  Furthermore, there is little information on the biodiversity and abundance of rodents and fleas in the study area. A total of 1212 mammals were sampled and examined. These included rodents (n=329), Crocidura (n=113), domestic pigs (n=254), small ruminants (n=346) and carnivores (n=168), and 1578 fleas, where five species were identified. There were nine genera and species of rodents with one genus of Crocidura captured. The results showed that 27(8.2%) and 19(5.8%) rodents and 8(7.0%) and 2(1.8%) Crocidura were positive for antibodies and pla gene for Y. pestis, respectively. Echidnophaga larina were the most mean abundant (MA=8.58), while Xenopsylla cheopis had the least mean abundant (MA=0.14), nevertheless it was the most infected with Y. pestis. Mastomys. natalensis was highest in plague positivity 31/56, followed by Crocidura spp 10/56 and Rattus rattus 6/56. The results indicated that three flea species were infected with Yersinia pestis. Shannon-Weiner (H) and dominance (D) indices of rodents were 1.5 and 0.2789, while the flea indices were 0.5310 and 0.8389, respectively. There was a strong association between richness of fleas and plague disease (p=0.01; x2=65.3). It’s established that rodents were more biodiversity than fleas while both were unevenly distributed. It’s recommended that control measures of fleas be intensified and sustained to lessen the spread of their associated diseases.}, keywords = {Biodiversity Crocidura,Fleas,Plague,Rodents}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11601.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11601_4c3be2af777ac117ba52fecb13c34a8e.pdf} } @article { author = {Jafari, Yaser and Imani baran, Abbas and Ahmadiafsha, Somayeh}, title = {Th1/Th2/Th17 pattern in pregnant mice inoculated with live Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {36-50}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11347}, abstract = {The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is complicated. A T-helper-2 response can support parasite establishment, which is exacerbated by the pregnancy, whereas a T-helper-1 response would be destructive for the parasite. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of pregnancy on the serum levels of some cytokines during parasite inoculation. Twenty Balb/c mice were divided randomly into four groups including: A) control group, B) healthy pregnant, C) pregnant inoculated with granulosus s.l. protoscolices, and D) non-pregnant inoculated with protoscolices. Subsequently, the Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin -4 (IL-4) and interleukin -17 (IL-17) were determined during four weeks by ELISA method. At 7th-day post-infection (d.p.i), the levels of cytokines increased in all groups, but there were no significant differences between increased levels. At 14 d.p.i, the levels of cytokines were nearly similar to the first week, except for IFN-γ and TNF-α, which their levels were significantly higher in group D than the other groups (p < 0.05). At 21 d.p.i, the levels of IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines were significantly higher in the D group than the others (p < 0/05), but IL-4level was significantly higher in the C group than the other group (p < 0/05). At 28 d.p.i. level of IL-4 was significantly higher in the C group than the others (p < 0/05). Considering that pregnancy can increase the level of cytokine related to Th2, it can effectively survive of the E. granulosus parasite.}, keywords = {Cytokines,Hydatid cyst,Pregnancy,T helper,Th response}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11347.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11347_4264e2f92944de2ca8340db6364dbe5b.pdf} } @article { author = {Beigi, Parya and Namavari, Mehdi}, title = {Modifications in virulence of Neospora caninum after long term maintenance in murine macrophage}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {51-62}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11602}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to attenuate Neospora caninum tachyzoites through continuous passage in murine macrophage and examine the virulence of attenuated tachyzoites in the mouse. The NC-1 reference isolate was 120 times passaged in the J774 cell line to produce attenuated strain. The virulence of tachyzoites was evaluated in a mouse model. Thirty-five female BALB/c mice randomly divided into seven groups. The first group, as control, was inoculated with culture media by subcutaneous injection. The second, third, and fourth groups received various dilutions (10×106, 5×106, 20×106) of acute NC-1 tachyzoites. Other groups were inoculated by attenuated tachyzoites with the same dilutions. The skin test and ELISA assay were performed to assess the cellular and humoral immunity responses. The mortality and clinical changes were noted daily. Notably, the significant difference was observed in the mortality rate of mice inoculated by acute and attenuated tachyzoites. Besides, serum antibody titers for N.caninum were higher in mice that received attenuated N.caninum. Also, mice that received live attenuated NC-1 showed significant footpad swelling. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the culture of N.caninum in the J774 cells led to decrease of virulence of NC-1 significantly, which is confirmed here by the response of humoral and cellular immunity. This attenuated tachyzoites might be used as a candidate for further research to develop live vaccines against N.caninum.}, keywords = {Neospora caninum,murine macrophage,serial passages,Balb/c mice}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11602.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11602_deec08822b55e5aafe1cee8b83e87351.pdf} } @article { author = {Hajibemani, Abolfazl and Jafari, Javad and Rashidzadeh, Habib-allah}, title = {Effects of supplementation of vitamin E and selenium during late gestation on milk somatic cells count and incidence of retained placenta in dairy cows}, journal = {Journal of Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {63-74}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz}, issn = {2476-535X}, eissn = {2717-2910}, doi = {10.22034/jzd.2020.11603}, abstract = {The somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used to predict the health of cow ҆s mammary gland and the suitability of milk for human consumption. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium at two intervals during late gestationon SCC and retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows. The 138 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected, which were randomly divided into two treatment and control groups. The cows in the control group (n=66) received a single injection of vitamin E and selenium at one dose (20 cc/cow) on day 250 of pregnancy, and in the treatment group (n=72) received two injections of vitamin E and selenium on days 250 and 270 of gestation.The SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices were calculated in all cows.The results showed that the SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices of cows in the treatment group have no significant difference from the control group. However, the calving to the first insemination interval and RP percentage in the treatment group was reduced.According to the results of the present study, it seems that more detailed studies are needed to find the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on the incidence of RP, milk, and SCC.}, keywords = {dairy cows,retained placenta,SCC,selenium,vitamin E}, url = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11603.html}, eprint = {https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11603_7bd926d310106ea333908130e7e6d357.pdf} }